Kain Songke dan Bahasa: Penanda Inkulturasi di Manggarai

Kanisius Teobaldus Deki
Dosen STIE Karya,Co-editor buku “Gereja Menyapa Manggarai”(Parrhesia Institute Jakarta, 2011)
Mengagumkan! Itulah perasaan yang muncul saat saya ke gereja, Minggu, 19 Februari 2012. Tidaklah berlebihan jika saat itu menjadi hari bersejarah bagi salah satu wujud materil budaya yakni kain tenunan. Betapa tidak, ada lautan manusia yang mengenakan busana berbahan songke, kain tenunan kebanggaan orang Manggarai di gereja Katedral Ruteng dan di seluruh gereja Katolik Keuskupan Ruteng.
Sejauh mata memandang, terlihat elok begitu banyak lelaki yang mengenakan kain sarung songke, jas songke dan destar songke. Tak ketinggalan ibu-ibu serta gadis yang memadukan kebaya atau bajunya dengan selendang dan kain sarung tenunan songke juga.
Tidak hanya kain tenunan, suasana menjadi sangat syahdu dan sakral, tatkala perayaan ekaristi dipadukan dengan doa-doa dan lagu yang semuanya dalam bahasa Manggarai. Tabuhan gong gendang yang diaransemen secara baru ke dalam alat musik modern terdengar melankolis dan memikat membawa umat yang menghadiri perayaan ekaristi ke dalam suasana inkulturasi yang kreatif dan inovatif. Saat itu, rasa haru dan bangga menjadi perasaan semua umat.
Kenyataan ini sebenarnya bermula dari ide Steering Committee (SC) perayaan Yubileum Seratus Tahun Gereja Katolik Manggarai untuk menjadikan Minggu ke tiga sebagai kesempatan merayakan ekaristi dalam bahasa dan busana Manggarai. Ada dua alasan SC untuk memilih kebijakan ini. Pertama, perayaan 100 tahun gereja Katolik Manggarai adalah perayaan pertemuan budaya dengan gereja, sebuah perjumpaan damai dalam kesalingan membagikan nilai (share of value). Di satu pihak, gereja datang membawa nilai-nilai keselamatan, untuk menyelamatkan orang Manggarai, tetapa di lain pihak, ada begitu banyak nilai dalam budaya Manggarai yang sudah berciri kristiani (naturaliter Christiana).
Kedua, perlunya Gereja peduli terhadap keunggulan nilai yang dimiliki budaya Manggarai seperti adat istiadat, bahasa dan karakteristik yang memiliki daya kontruktif dalam membangun peradaban. Karenanya, keunggulan-keunggulan ini, secara positif dan dinamik, perlu diterjemahkan ke dalam bentuk-bentuk penghayatan yang aktual dan relevan. Salah satu cara adalah melalui inkulturasi, khususnya mempertemukan inti iman Kristen dalam ekaristi yang diekspresikan secara baru oleh pemanfaatan bahasa dan tata busana orang Manggarai.
Artikel ini ingin melihat dan mendalami fenomena baru ini dengan “kejatuhan jati diri” orang Manggarai dan hubungannya dengan inkulturasi di dalam gereja.
Ziarah InkulturasiInkulturasi sudah lama didengungkan dalam gereja. Di Manggarai, bahkan sebelum Konsili Vatikan II (1962-1965) Mgr. Wilhelmus van Bekkum, uskup pertama Gereja Katolik Manggarai, berusaha secara kreatif menerjemahkan liturgi secara kontekstual dan relevan dengan kondisi budaya orang Manggarai. Salah satu bentuk usaha ini berorientasi pada “pendaratan” ekaristi sebagai perayaan keselamatan yang berciri Barat berhadapan dengan umat yang berbudaya Manggarai. Di zamannya, uskup ini mendorong adanya lagu-lagu, teks kitab suci dan doa-doa dalam bahasa Manggarai. Selain itu, ada keberanian untuk memunculkan Misa Kaba (misa Kerbau) pada acara-acara yang berpautan dengan budaya. Usaha ini dilanjutkan lebih serius oleh P. Jilis Verheijen SVD.
Menurut definisi, inkulturasi adalah “hubungan kreatif dan dinamis antara pesan Kristen dan budaya atau budaya”. Sifat yang tepat dari hubungan ini, bagaimanapun, adalah lebih sulit untuk dijelaskan. Beberapa penulis mengajukan suatu analogi antara inkulturasi dan Inkarnasi Kristus. Sama seperti Logos “mengambil daging” dan masuk ke dalam budaya Palestina abad pertama, dengan demikian iman Kristen harus mengambil budaya masing-masing kelompok yang menerima Injil (Schineller, 1990:6-7).
Kenyataannya, pada zaman dahulu, kerap dijumpai masyarakat menganggap agama Kristen sebagai sesuatu yang asing dan tidak relevan dengan cara hidup mereka hanya karena pola berbahasa dan beribadat yang terasa tidak familiar. Menanggapai hal itu, Anscar Chupungco, menyatakan bahwa iman Kristen harus “berpikir, berbicara, dan dialami menurut pola budaya lokal” (1992:30).
Pendekatan untuk iman dan budaya dapat ditelusuri sebagian dokumen dari Konsili Vatikan II, terutama Gaudium et Spes. Tetapi sementara isi dokumen itu menekankan prioritas “Iman” atas budaya, beberapa teori terakhir tampaknya menganggap budaya sebagai sumber utama dan norma iman. Unsur-unsur Injil, menurut mereka, sudah tersembunyi dalam setiap kebudayaan, dan itu adalah tugas para teolog, imam, dan ahli liturgi untuk membawa Injil yang tersamar ke dalam cahaya (bdk. Schineller, 1990:26-7). Dengan jalan ini, iman bersanding dengan nilai-nilai injili yang sudah ada dalam budaya dan mengembangkannya secara dinamis.
Inkulturasi sebagai jalan menuju jati diri dikumandangkan secara jelas dan tandas oleh Paus Yohanes Paulus II dalam ensiklik dan beberapa penampilan publik. Istilah ini digunakan oleh Redemptoris Missio (RM), ensiklik Yohanes Paulus II pada tahun 1990 yang menegaskan bahwa inkarnasi Injil dalam budaya asli dan juga pengenalan budaya ini ke dalam kehidupan Gereja merupakan “transformasi intim” (The intimate transformation) nilai-nilai budaya yang otentik melalui integrasi mereka dalam Kristen dan masuknya agama Kristen di berbagai budaya manusia.
Songke dan bahasa Manggarai, Jalan Menuju Jati DiriDi zaman lampau, kain tenunan songke dan bahasa Manggarai adalah salah satu penanda karakteristik dan identitas orang Manggarai. Kain songke dikenakan saat upacara-upacara resmi, peminangan, perkawinan, kematian, penjemputan tamu, pertemuan, kunjungan kekeluargaan sebagai busana kebanggaan. Namun, saat industry textile berkembang, pengenaan kain kebanggaan ini mulai luntur. Munculnya kain hasil pabrikan mengalahkan kepopuleran kain home industry ini. Saat ini, jikapun dipakai, belum menjadi sebuah kesadaran umum yang secara otomatis dijadikan main stream.
Demikianpun, pola berbahasa. Sudah banyak orang Manggarai yang tidak mengenal kosa kata bahasa Manggarai yang baku. Ketika banyak penutur torok (doa asli Manggarai) mangkat, generasi baru mengalami kesulitan untuk menjadi penutur torok dalam bahasa yang indah nan kaya makna. Padahal, kekhidmadan upacara atau ritus-ritus orang Manggarai juga terletak dalam diksi bahasa yang tepat, benar dan memukau.
Dalam situasi “kejatuhan” ini, kebijakan Keuskupan Ruteng, untuk menjadikan hari Minggu ke tiga setiap bulan sebagai perayaan inkulturatif merupakan bentuk “pemertahanan” budaya dan nilai-nilainya yang positif. Ada dua gagasan dialogis yang bisa dikemukakan. Pertama, melalui perayaan-perayaan inkulturatif, kain songke dan bahasa Manggarai dijadikan sarana resmi komunikasi iman dalam budaya Manggarai. Sarana ini perlu diterjemahkan lagi ke dalam bentuk-bentuk yang berkiblat pada penguatan jati diri orang Manggarai.
Kedua, dialog itu juga menyentuh ranah ekonomis. Iman harus diterjemahkan ke dalam perbuatan. Dengan makin banyak orang Manggarai yang mengenakan kain songke maka home industry untuk penenunannya makin berkembang. Ada penghargaan yang setimpal terhadap kerja keras penenun yang selama ini mengalami kelesuan dalam memasarkan hasil kerjanya. Tentu arah ini tidak mengharapkan hadirnya teknologi assembling motif kain songke ke dalam pabrikan sehingga yang meraup keuntungan malah pengusaha, bukan rakyat sederhana di kampung-kampung. Penguatan kapasitas ekonomi juga merupakan isi iman. Dengan begitu, iman tidak hanya menghadirkan keselamatan nanti di akhirat (parousia) tetapi, saat ini dan di sini (hit et nunc).
Akhirnya, mengakui inkulturasi adalah sebuah imperatif teologis, berarti melihat dialog yang sedang berlangsung antara iman dan budaya sebagai penegasan kembali identitas dan eksistensi kedirian yang selama ini ditinggalkan dengan mudah tanpa alasan yang memadai. Menggunakan bahasa Manggarai sebagai bahasa injil dan liturgi merupakan bentuk proklamasi bahwa bahasa Manggarai juga merupakan sarana komunikasi Allah yang menyapa umatNya. Mengenakan kain songke dalam perayaan suci ekaristi menandaskan keyakinan bahwa orang Manggarai mencintai apa yang dimilikinya, sebuah perjalanan menemukan dan menegaskan diri secara baru!***
(Dipublikasi pertama oleh Harian Umum Flores Pos edisi 3 Maret 2012).
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