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Saya diajak oleh sekelompok orang mendiskusikan tema Feminisme. Ini beberapa perspektif saya sebagai pembuka diskusi. Artikel ini juga menjadi ruang untuk saling bertukar pengetahuan.
- Seputar Gerakan Feminisme
Gerakan Feminisme bermula dari kesadaran akan “penindasan” kaum lelaki yang terekspresi dalam tidak adanya pengakuan akan eksistensi kaum perempuan. Mereka menjadi sadar bahwa dalam banyak hal mereka dipatok atau diukur dari perspektif pengalaman dan ke-diri-an kaum pria. Budaya patriarkat dituding sebagai biang dari ketertindasan kaum perempuan yang menyata dalam pandangan berat sebelah tentang eksistensi mereka: penyebab dosa bagi kejatuhan Adam, mahkluk yang cenderung dekat dengan kebatilan dan kejahatan, penggoda, kurang etis, tidak jernih dalam berpikir, lemah, dsb. Panadangan-pandangan tadi melahirkan pembelaan-pembelaan. Itulah sebabnya Christin de Pizan mengatakan secara eksplisit bahwa perempuan juga mahkluk insani. Atau penegasan Simone de Beuavoir, bahwa perempuan bukan hanya warga kelas dua, second sex. Dalam karyanya, “The Book the City of Ladies”, de Pizan berkesimpualn bahwa perempuan sungguh manusia, tidak lebih lemah dari kaum lelaki. Atas dasar itu juga, dalam aras pemikiran yang sama, Elisabeth Cady Stanton yang menulis “The Woman’s Bible” bersama Susan B. Anthony (tokoh-tokoh gelombang pertama), mengkampanyekan kesetaraan hukum dan ekonomi, memperjuangkan supaya mereka juga memiliki hak pribadi dan hak pilih perempuan agar diakui. Perjuangan yang sama juga meretas jalan bagi diperhatikan hak-hak lain seperti: mengenyam pendidikan formal, hak politik, pembebasan dari sikap diskriminatif, dll.
Gerakan feminisme pada gilirannya bermuara pada satu tujuan yakni supaya mengakhiri penindasan, diskriminasi dan tindak kekerasan yang ditimpakan kepada kaum perempuan serta memperoleh kesederajatan dan martabat manusia sepenuhnya bagi setiap perempuan. Hal ini juga menjadi tekad kaum perempuan untuk menduduki tempat utama bersama kaum laki-laki dan menjadikan impian, harapan dan nilai yang dianutnya diperhatikan sungguh-sungguh.
Untuk mencapai tujuan itu, beberapa kendala mesti dihalau dari kebalauan perjuangan gerakan Feminis ini. Hal pertama yang perlu dienyahkan ialah kondisi sosial tertentu yang memaksa perempuan untuk enggan mengembangkan cita rasa dan harga dirinya. Kedua, memperjuangkan pembebasan kaum perempuan dari semua bentuk “sexisme”. Jenis kelamin adalah kenyataan terberi. Karena itu determinisme biologis dalam penentuan peran harus ditolak. Dengan kata lain, semua manusia entah perempaun maupun lelaki bisa mendapat peran yang sama, tanpa suatu sikap diskriminatif atas dasar sex. Ketiga, Gender merupakan konstruksi sosial yang pada gilirannya melahirkan stereotip gender. Hal ini terjadi karena kebudayaan mayoritas dikendalikan oleh kaum lelaki demi keuntungan kaum itu dan sikap itu melahirkan akibat yang paling parah ialah munculnya “androsentrisme.”[1] Dengan lain perkataan, pengaruh budaya patriarkat yang ada dalam masyarakat dengan segala macam dominasinya harus ditiadakan, termasuk sikap “tidak seimbang” Kitab Suci, teolog atau pemikir-pemikir orang Kristen seperti Tertulianus, Agustinus dan Thomas Aquinas, terhadap kaum perempuan.
Tanggapan atas arah perjuangan dan cara yang dipakai untuk pencapain tujuan melahirkan banyak model dalam aliran Feminisme (gelombang kedua) itu sendiri, antara lain: Feminisme Liberal, Kultural, Radikal dan Sosialis. Masing-masing model memiliki penekanan yang berbeda, walaupun arah atau sasaran perjuangannya sama, yakni demi mencapai kesetaraan yang telah “terbelenggu” akibat keserakahan budaya patriarkat yang menguat di segala bidang kehidupan, termasuk Teologi. Atau model lain (gelombang ketiga) terdiri atas: model Revolusioner, Reformis dan Rekonstruksionis. Tanggapan yang paling keras datang dari kelompok model Radikal dan Revolusioner. Menurut model Radikal, jalan satu-satunya yang paling baik menegakkan bendera kesetaraan Feminisme ialah membasmi semua bentuk dominasi laki-laki dalam semua aspek kehidupan. Hal ini perlu sebab dominasi lelaki itu merupakan sumber dan akar petaka bagi keterlibatan yang minim kaum perempuan. Kelompok model Revolusioner menandaskan hal yang kurang lebih sama dan memberikan catatan khusus buat agama Kristen yang sangat kuat diwarnai oleh patriarkat. Mereka mengatakan bahwa agama Kristen adalah patriarkat yang sakit total-akut dan tak bisa sembuh. Maka jalan terbaik ialah tinggalkan agama Kristen dan kode-kode hukum patriarkat yang dipengaruhi Kitab Suci. Sebagai gantinya, kiblat diarahkan ke tradisi dewa-dewi purba sebagai sumber teologi baru; sebagai sebuah “sublimasi teologis” dan pilihan yang juga rentan terhadap pelbagai “pola” yang justru mereka kritik pada Kitab Suci.
Bahan Bacaan: Anne M. Clliford, Memperkenalkan Teologi Feminis, terj. Yosep Maria Florisan, Maumere: Ledalero, 2002. Cross, F.L., The Oxford Dictionary of The Christian Church, New York: Oxford University Press, 1957. Johnson, Elizabeth A., Kristologi Di Mata Kaum Feminis: Gelombang Pembaruan dalam Kristologi, Kanisius: Yogyakarta, 2003. Tull, Patricia K. (1999). "Chapter 8: Rhetorical Criticism and Intertextuality". In Haynes, Stephen R.; McKenzie, Steven L. (eds.). To each its own meaning : an introduction to biblical criticisms and their applications (Rev. and expanded. ed.). Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press. Vater, Ann M. (1980). "Review of God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality". Journal of Biblical Literature. 99 (1): 131–133. [1] Secara harfiah berarti “terpusat pada lelaki”. Androsentrisme bermuara dalam hal mempertalikan ihwal menjadi laki-laki sebagai pusat dari setiap segi kehidupan; ihwal menjadi laki-laki dianggap normatif, sedangkan ihwal menjadi perempuan dipandang selaku kekecualian dari norma. Anne M. Clliford, Memperkenalkan Teologi Feminis, terj. Yosep Maria Florisan, (Maumere: Ledalero, 2002), p. 433.
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